A Christmas Carol - character study of Scrooge Essay

A Christmas Carol - character study of Scrooge A Christmas Carol â€Å"Scrooge! A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!† Scrooge is the main character in the novel ‘A Christmas Carol’. At the beginning of the novel he is a brutal, evil, pitiless, cold-hearted man, but subsequent to meeting three spirits, Scrooge regrets his life and decides he needs to alter it. The main theme Charles Dickens conveys through the story is redemption; this is significant especially in the Victorian era, whilst there was an immense gap between the prosperous and the inadequate. Dickens uses Scrooge (a rich, greedy business man) to direct his novel to the very rich people, and to exhibit how money can impede your†¦show more content†¦H e is portrayed as â€Å"Hard and sharp as a flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire†; he is â€Å"secret and self-contained†. Dickens depicts Scrooge as a lonely sad person â€Å"Solitary as an oyster†, he wants to make Scrooge out to be a very malicious, malevolent, cruel character, so that it would make the transformation much more dramatic. Dickens perceives Scrooge as he saw rich people when he was living in poverty. Scrooge is very harsh on his clerk, Bob Cratchit; he treats him like a slave. Scrooge keeps the coal-box in his own room so the clerk is not able to replenish his fire whenever he wants to. This shows that Scrooge is very greedy; he would rather let his employee freeze to death than consume some money to keep warm. When Bob Cratchit asks for Christmas day off, Scrooge is quite spiteful â€Å"You’ll want all day tomorrow I suppose?† The Clerk observes that it is only once a year, but Scrooge is merely concerned about losing money, â€Å"A poor excuse for picking a man’s pocket every twenty-fifth of December†. When Scrooge’s nephew comes to visit Scrooge, he is very cheerful and wishes Scrooge â€Å"Merry Christmas, uncle, God save you!† but as usual Scrooge replies â€Å"Bah!...Humbug!†. We can already see that he’s not fond of Christmas. Scrooges nephew attempts to persuadeShow MoreRelatedA Lack of Charity Essay example1718 Words   |  7 PagesDickens’s books, Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol, the theme of lack of charity is pronounced. Throughout Oliver Twist, society turns a â€Å"cold shoulder† to those in need of help (Miller 30). The Victorian England society prohibits inhabitants of the lower social realms from moving up in society. Rarely do lower class members receive attention, and the attention they do receive is far from par (Reeves). Ebenezer Scrooge, the main character of A Christmas Carol, learns to be charitable through a lessonRead MoreScrooge in A Christmas Carol2375 Words   |  10 Pages In a time in which the significance of Christmas gradually started to change, Charles Dickens, in accordance with these changes, wrote a Christmas tale: A Christmas Carol. The novella was published six days in advance of the Christmas celebrations of 1843; it was sold out three days later. Although a socially engaged narrative, Dickens’ work is not occupied with trivialities such as the introduction of Christmas cards; instead A Christmas Carol focuses on the transforming beliefs and valuesRead MoreDickens Use of Symbolism in A Christmas Carol Essay example969 Words   |  4 PagesDickens Use of Symbolism in A Christmas Carol Charles Dickens wrote a large number of novels but this particular novella was very popular as it told the story of a typical Christmas in Victorian times. The word Scrooge derives from the character Scrooge in this novella, which proves that Dickens story really did make an impact on the reading public. In A Christmas Carol there are three main themes that would have been influenced by the times when Dickens wasRead MoreGreat Expectations and a Christmas Carol: a True Gentleman Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations and A Christmas Carol: A True Gentleman According to Dictionary.com, a gentleman is a civilized, educated, sensitive, or well-mannered man. However, by Victorian definition, a gentleman was, perhaps most importantly, a rich man. â€Å"Charles Dickens†¦was an author of relatively humble origins who desired passionately to be recognized as a gentleman, and insisted, in consequence, upon the essential dignity of his occupation† (Victorian Web). In Great Expectations he portrays Pip, aRead MoreApplying Motivation and Emotion Theories2483 Words   |  10 PagesApplying Motivation and Emotion Theories in an Analysis of Scrooge s Behaviour Motivation and Emotion Theories 2 In the past many theories have been put forth in an attempt to understand the motivations of an individuals behaviour and the emotions involved. According to Reber Reber (2001) emotional states tend to have motivational properties and the elements of a motivation will often have emotional ties. In addition, theorists have identified that physiological structures usuallyRead MoreImportance Of Fashion And Its Effect On Society890 Words   |  4 Pagesan important factor to society. One might pose the question how is fashion important to society? Fashion can invoke creativity, creates first impressions, and strongly encourages confidence and plays a huge role is religions and culture. 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Also, the philosophical understandings which include paradoxes and other arguments that tend to disproveRead MoreHow to Read Literature Like a Professor Outline Essay3160 Words   |  13 Pagesto do. Chapter 11 - ...More Than It’s Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence Main Ideas: Violence: character on character Cultural and Societal implications: can be symbolic, thematic, biblical, Shakespearean, romantic, allegorical, transcendent or may mean something else. Specific injury causes characters to visit on one another and the narrative violence that cause characters harm. Death and suffering that is of purpose to the plot or thematic development. Death by consumption fall

The Effects Of Air Pollution On China - 1973 Words

In December of 2015, China was faced with a â€Å"red alert† for air pollution. In an article from The New York Times titled â€Å"Smog So Thick, Beijing Comes to a Standstill,† Edward Wong stated, â€Å"For many residents, the red alert...underscored the devil’s handshake that China has made in recent years: the trading of a healthy living environment for breakneck economic growth.† There are many negative consequences of air pollution. Vaclav Smil’s â€Å"Environmental Degradation in China,† describes the various problems that China’s environment is facing. Smil explains that â€Å"air pollution is a ubiquitous and particularly troublesome problem in virtually all of China’s large cities and industrials areas† (778). China’s polluted air, along with the disappearance of good farmland, forest depletion and water resources, are all areas of concern that Smil brings to attention. These areas should not concern only China’s population, but it should be concerning to everyone around the world. Not only does air pollution have a negative effect on the environment, but it also has negative effects on society, as well. Air pollution can be explained as a social problem since many of these environmental problems are possible ramifications of urbanization. As higher-class individuals make lifestyle choices that directly impact the environment in a negative way, the entire population suffers the consequences. Because of the damaging effects of air pollution, China must develop a way to remain urbanizedShow MoreRelatedA Major Area China s Air Pollution Effects On The Environment1568 Words   |  7 Pages A major area China s air pollution effects is the environment. With this in mind a way the pollution damages the environment is through acid rain (Air pollution in China). 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The causes and effects, problem severity, citizen perceptions, and proposed solutions and efforts to repair theseRead MoreEssay on Severe Air Pollution in China1563 Words   |  7 PagesAfter many years of ignoring the air pollution, smog ridden China has finally begun to take this issue more seriously. They are the worst country in the world when it comes to air pollution due to their huge population and large demand of manufactured goods (AFOP). This however is no excuse for what they do to the environment.This is a very important issue because of how much environmental damage can be prevented as well as setting an example of pollution reduction across the world. TheyRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Our Lives1304 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the recent years, air pollution has been the main cause of health problems in this society. Air pollution has caused so many health related sickness to the life we live in now. Air pollution has brought in high increases of poisonous gases that impact the weather by global warming, and the air we breathe. As we breathe this toxic air we get in the same chemicals that are mostly found in cigarettes. Some people could get many diseases breathing this kind of air today, because the cigarettesRead MoreEssay on The Environmental Health Problem and Proposed Solutions731 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Health Problem Air pollution affects all living things on earth—from plants to animals to humans. Air pollution is something society has been facing since the Industrial Revolution. China, in particular, has been facing increasing amounts of pollution; being ranked among the top three most polluted countries in the world. China emits tons of toxins resulting from man-made production into the air and water every day. China’s levels of pollution are so high that the pollution reaches the UnitedRead MoreChina s Low Rates Of Air Pollution1257 Words   |  6 PagesChina, after an economic boom and great success in rapidly expanding in their markets and manufacturing, has become the perfect opposite case example to the United States in recent times. China began its rise to a modern global economic power in the 1980s, but never once had any strong, well-enforced environmental regulations until 2013. As unregulated factory and automobile use increased, China’s rates of pollution quick ly surpassed that of the United States, leaving China much more affected byRead MoreAir Pollution Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pages In recent years, air pollution has become a growing problem in China (Zhang, Chao). According to the newly released scientific paper by Dan Levin, outdoor air pollution contrib7utes to the deaths of 1.6 million people in China every year, and about 4,400 people a day (Levin, Dan). Essentially, air is a major part of our overall health. However, people (including ourselves), especially living in developed countries, suffer from the exposure of air pollution. This potentially puts our health at riskRead MoreThe Pollution Of China Air Pollution1473 Words   |  6 Pages120 4/30/2015 Air Pollution in China â€Å"Anyone s life truly lived consists of work, sunshine, exercise, soap, plenty of fresh air, and a happy contented spirit,† -Lillie Langtry(BrainyQuote); air is important part of life without we cannot live, yet the people in China breath in pollution air which is slowing killing their population. Most of us take the air we breathe for granted and never stop to think that we are slowly causing theRead MorePollution Is A Serious Problem?1320 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1106 6 March 2016 pollution in china In the paper, I argue that what types of pollution in china by introducing the situation and problems in china. Following the development of economic and scientific, China is playing a very important role in the international arena. Increasing the number of people become rich. they can buy the new car, big house, and expensive clothes. In many people s opinions that China is becoming strong and rich. But they do not know China is also facing a seriousRead MoreUrbanization Of China s Urbanization1639 Words   |  7 PagesUrbanization in China Urbanization is all around us. Every day somewhere along a route that someone takes to school or work, they will likely pass a construction site constructing a new apartment complex or housing community or even the building of a new shopping centre. All of these are ways urbanization creeps in on our daily lives. We may think of urbanization as something that benefits our world but it can also have many negative consequences such as traffic congestion which is the number one

The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy

Discuss the impact of the end of the Cold War on US foreign policy Introduction: When the world famous liberal thinker Francis Fukuyama in his masterpiece declared that we were witnessing the end of the history, he was greeting the new political structure and also the new international environment, which is peaceful[1]. However, developments that occurred after the collapse of the Soviet Union showed us that the dissolution of the Soviets was unexpected. The international society was not ready for peace and Fukuyama’s optimistic assumptions were far from becoming real. Moreover, the international society currently started to realise that the tension and the potential of mass destructive war during the Cold War era had provided a†¦show more content†¦The competition and increasing awareness on democratic rights did force the Soviets to stand back and make some major policy changes in 1980s. The Soviet Premier of the time Gorbachev tried to set some political and social reforms in the soviet society in order to ease the pressure and help Soviets to continue to survive in the international arena. Moreover, the Soviets did not only make shifts in their internal policies but also in their foreign policy understanding as well. For instance withdrawal from Afghanistan, signing of various nuclear deterrence agreements with multi parties including the US are some of the key changes that occurred in the 1980s. However, the reforms of Gorbachev did not prevent the Soviets to stop its collapse and eventually after a series of events in 1991 the Soviet Union formally announced its dissolution[7]. The First Ten Years: Although the indications were present well before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world was not completely ready for the end of the Cold War. The US was left alone without any major balancing opponents. Furthermore, after the dissolution of the Soviets the numbers of newly established independent states have increased significantly. All these new states were lacking of self-governing capabilities and also the Western vision, which was the victorious ideology of the Cold war. Moreover, someShow MoreRelatedPost-Cold War US Foreign Policy1417 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Cold War US Foreign Relations The Cold War and its ending with the dismantling of the Soviet Union and a great reduction in the threat of communism as a competing system to capitalism and democratic governance changed the focus of US foreign policy. The change did not happen overnight and has ebbed and flowed significantly across time, often associated with the nature of foreign conflicts and US involvement in them but change it did (Saull, 2007, p. 180). The reduction of the size, might andRead MoreImpact Of Domestic Politics On German Foreign And Security Policy1648 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the impact domestic politics has on German foreign and security policy. Germany is arguably one of the key global political actors. It’s extremely prominent, especially within international relations, and is also regarded as being economically, politically and geographically at the center of Europe. Germany’s success in Europe is considered to be due to its post-world war shift in ideologies and political culture and structures, from authoritarianism to democracy which inevitably createdRead MoreTaking a Look at the Cold War996 Words   |  4 Pagesthe end of World War II in the summer of 1945. The Soviet Union and the United States, having been on the Allies fighting against the Axis, were both victorious world superpowers at the end of WWII. 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Obviously, this was a huge moment in our world’s history; a 44-year-old tension between two of the most powerful countries in the world, which almost brought us to a combative war, was destroyed.Read MoreThe Cold War During World War II970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period of 44 years of both military and political tension after World War II. There were many ideals and events that lead to the Cold War. Nationalism, poor economic conditions, and a strong desire for democracy and human rights are the primary reasons that many believe the Cold War started. However, these are just a few of the reasons for the Cold War. 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To recognize the impact that the arms race continues to have on today, it is crucial to understand not only its causes, but also its immediate impacts on the US economy, society, foreign policy, environmentRead MoreChina s Foreign Policy Record967 Words   |  4 PagesThrough examination of China’s foreign policy record, particularly post-Cold War, a better understanding of the distinct approaches a realist theorist and a liberal theorist may have to the same event or policy, can be further explored through the lens of China. 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Along with this, the Korean War ended with the emergence of China as the frontrunner ofRead MoreWorld War II : The Great People s War1529 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II (The Great People’s War) was of deep importance to the formation of today’s internati onal relations system, however the following periods after this war between the greatest powers in the world are also of great significance. The analysis of those periods and their impact on world history will be the first approach of this assessment. It is important to clarify that these periods cannot be annualized as isolated events that happened in History, but related events that in a way or anotherRead MoreThe 70s Are Not Totally Happy `` Days1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe 50s are not totally â€Å" happy† days. In American history the post war 1950s, was a unforgettable era. T.V. shows were made, showing early childhood experiences in 1950s. For example, some shows such as LEAVE IT TO BEAVER and FATHER KNOWS BEST. These shows leave viewers with historical facts from the past. Not everyone was happy, a group of civilians and nonconformists pointed out the flaws in a suburb they believed had no moral, a government that was growing viciously with power. A lifestyle

Legal Risk Management for the Flaggs †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Legal Risk Management for the Flaggs? Answer: Introducation The construction industry is full of many risks which are experienced when the decision of construction is made (Atkin, Borgbrant Josephson, 2003). Different parties such as the architect, the owner and the contractor are in charge of different decisions which are made in the construction industry. The pre-construction and the construction industries are key the major areas where the risks are able to happen each day the activities are underway. The availability of the risks is every project is a common norm and Faggs Mitre 10 project is not an exception to the existence of the risks. For this project, Fagg Bros Pty Ltd, P. J. O'Reilly Associates and Lyons construction are the key parties who are able to handle the different risks for the project. Moreover, these parties are able to act at different capacities and this means that the parties are charged to be responsible for the different risks in the project (Lingard, H., Rowlinson, 2005). For the past few decades, the innovation and growth in the construction industry has led to a high increase of the risks, which are involved (Engineers, 2006 and National Research Council (U.S.), 2009). The projects in the construction are becoming more complex and uncertainties are increasing each day. This has given rise and increase of the risk management within the construction industry. The increase and complexity of the Faggs Mitre 10 project is complex enough to lead to the increase of these risks. The need to resolve them is key to ensure that the different parties are able to execute their responsibilities well. The risk management process is therefore a key process for this project to ensure that the execution is done and completed on time (Edwards, 2009). Failure to the address of the risks, the projects face the risk of being closed up. Coordination of all these parties is key in ensuring that the project is a success and the mitigation of the risks is achieved at any given time. This paper will be able to ana lyze the different risks which the Feggs Mitre 10 project. In addition, the paper will be able to analyze the key parties who are responsible to resolving these risks (Manseau Shields, 2005). Moreover, the paper will analyzed the key dispute resolution measure which the parties can be able to apply when resolving these risks. At the pre-construction phase, one of the key risk which projects ate able to face is the delay in the approval of the designs and other drawings. The design approval must be done before the construction of the projects is able to start (Li, Poon, Proske, 2013). The architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates should be able to conduct the authorities who are responsible to the approval of the Feggs Mitre 10 project to ensure that the are approved for construction. Due to the failure to have this process, the construction phase where the contractor is expected to undertake the activities will be unable to begin (Hughes Ferrett, (2016). These documents are able to provide the quality of the project since the authorities must be able to make sure that they are able to meet different specifications. The drawings and other documents approval are key for this project. The Feggs Mitre 10 project has several categories of the projects which must be analyzed and approved by the authorities. Moreo ver, the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates is the best party who is responsible for making sure that the designs and other documents are approved. After the design, the failure for the timely submission and approval must be met. The different drawing for Feggs Mitre 10 projects is able to address different aspects of the project. The projects must be analyzed and be approved by the authorities. The P. J. O'Reilly Associates should be able to follow up and make sure that these documents are approved and issue them to the contractor. When delay on the approval occurs, P. J. O'Reilly Associates can be able to hold meeting with the authorities to ensure that the documents are provided on time. This will ensure that the project is able to begin on time and the planning is efficient with all relevant materials. In addition, in order to start this project at high note, the key parties must be able to coordinate well (Wu, 2011). The Feggs Mitre 10 project has several key parties who need to coordinate well in order to achieve the required completion goal (Burtonshaw-Gunn, 2017). In many cases, the different parties is a project may have different vies which may lead to their un-satisfaction with others. This may cause rift among the parties and therefore be able to lead to the ineffective project execution. The Feggs Mitre 10 project has key parties who include the client, Fegg Bros Pty Ltd, the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates and the contractor, Lyons construction. This early misunderstanding may prove to be critical to the project implementation. This may lead to increase of confrontations and arguments on the way to execute the project on any given time (Construction Industry Publications, Ltd, Construction Confederation, 1999). This may take time and therefore be able to lead to wo rk delays. Project of the magnitude of Feggs Mitre 10 project require proper coordination where all parties are able to speak with one voice. This will ensure that the project is well implemented. In order to resolve this risk, the client, Fegg Bros Pty Ltd is the best party who is able to resolve the lack of coordination between the parties. Since all the other parties have contract and agreements with the client, he is able to resolve the different issues of coordinate which are in the project. In addition, P. J. O'Reilly Associates is also able to act on behave of the client in order to resolve these issues. As a client representative, can hold meeting will all the available clients in order to be able to resolve the coordination issues. This will be the best dispute resolution measure which can be applied to ensure that the progress of the planning of the project is not affected. Another key risk, which is found on the pre-construction phase, is the errors, omissions and discrepancies in the designs. The designs are key part of the planning stages and any problems on them can lead to the stalling of the project (ztas And kmen, 2005). The Feggs Mitre 10 project has several key designs which need to be used in order to accomplish different activities. When these problems are learnt early, the redesign and analysis of the designs must be done to ensure that the project meet the specific provisions (Lingard Rowlinson, 2005). The Feggs Mitre 10 project is a key project which involve detailed designs according to the different drawings presented. The architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates is the party who is able to resolve these problems in the designs. The architects are the experts who can be able to look at the designs and be able to identify any issues. Moreover, v can use dialogue between the client and the other parties in order to be able to resolve the des ign problems and enhance the planning. In addition, during the construction phase, many risks are also experienced and noticed. One of the key reason, which can be experienced in the process, is the cost overruns. The changes in the different parameters are able to lead to the cost overruns in a projects. This happens when the contractor was able to mention the full lump sum for the costs and thus unable to enhance the project construction (Bunni, 2011). The Feggs Mitre 10 project is able to address this risk by providing and estimate of the cost of project. The project is given a range, which the project must be able to achieve its mandate. Te feggs Mitre 10 project is estimated to cost between $5 million and $10 million. This range is able to show that the project cost may go with project. The contractor, Lyons contractor and the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates are in the pole position in the resolving of this risk. In terms of the dispute resolution, the architect may use the different details and ensure that all parties are moving in one direction. Moreover, the projects are estimated to take certain timeline. The violation of the deadline is highly discouraged in the projects and this required proper analysis (Smith, Merna Jobling, 2014). The delay on the completion is able to attract many more expenses therefore making the project costly. The contractor, Lyons construction and the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates are the key parties who are able to resolve this problem. The architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates can be able to analyze the reasons for the untimely project construction. In order to resolve this problem, P. J. O'Reilly Associates can call a meeting and ensure that the different timely activities are executed on time. Dialogue and meeting are key in ensuring that the risks in this sector are fully resolved. In addition, during the construction phase, the adversarial relationships are key to ensure that the projected is executed within the deadline (Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), 2006 and Osipova, Apleberger, 2007). As the number of parties in a construction site increase, the adversarial communication is able to decrease. This cause the lack of communication which may lead to lack of well flow of the information which is meant for construction. The resolving of the adversarial relationship is key for the Feggs Mitre 10 project. This will ensure that the timely completion is achieved according to the requirement. The client, Fegg Bros Pty Ltd and the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates are key parties who can help to resolve this issue. In order to attain the required results, P. J. O'Reilly Associates can use the meeting at site to ensure that the relationships between the different parties are enhanced (Ludhra, 2015). This is an important dispute resolution mechani sm which can be used to ensure that the different parties are able to pass the information to other parties in the industry. In conclusion, the risks in both the pre-construction and construction phases are key in enhancing the projects completion. Moreover, for Feggs Mitre 10, the resolution is able to show that the project need a strong resolution mechanisms. The increase and complexity of the Fegg Mitre 10 project is key to ensure that the different personnel meet their targets. Dialogue and meeting are some of the key dispute resolution mechanisms which is able to consider their movement. the analysis of the risks and their issues is able extend the construction project and ensure timely completion. References ATKIN, B., BORGBRANT, J., JOSEPHSON, P.-E. (2003). Construction process improvement. Oxford, Blackwell Science. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=351032. BUNNI, N. G. (2011). Risk and insurance in construction. London, Spon Press. BURTONSHAW-GUNN, S. A. (2017). Risk and Financial Management in Construction. https://lib.myilibrary.com?id=997116. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY PUBLICATIONS, LTD, CONSTRUCTION CONFEDERATION. (1999). Risk assessment in construction guide. Sheldon, Birmingham, Construction Industry Publications. EDWARDS, L. (2009). Practical risk management in the construction industry. London, Thomas Telford Ltd. ENGINEERS, I. O. C. (2006). Reducing Occupational Health Risks In Construction: Manage The Risks Not The Symptoms. London, Institution of Civil Engineers. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3307780. HUGHES, P., FERRETT, E. (2016). Introduction to health and safety in construction: for the NEBOSH national certificate in construction health and safety. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4015309. INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (GREAT BRITAIN). (2006). Reducing occupational health risks in construction: manage the risks not the symptoms : delegate information : Friday 19 May 2006. London, Thomas Telford. https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/book/102422. LI, R. Y. M., POON, S. W., PROSKE, D. (2013). Construction safety. LINGARD, H., ROWLINSON, S. M. (2005). Occupational health and safety in construction project management. London, Spon Press. LUDHRA, S. (2015). Common sense guide to health and safety in construction. https://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315858784. MANSEAU, A., SHIELDS, R. (2005). Building tomorrow: innovation in construction and engineering. Aldershot, Hants, England, Ashgate. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.). (2009). Construction research at NIOSH: reviews of research programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3378465. OSIPOVA, E. APLEBERGER, L. (2007), Risk management in different forms of contract and collaboration - case of Sweden. CIB World Building Congress 2007. 14-18 May 2007, Cape Town ZTAS, A. AND KMEN, O. (2005), Judgmental risk analysis process development in construction projects. Building and Environment, 40 (9), 1244-1254. SMITH, N. J., MERNA, T., JOBLI